How Were the Romanov Kin to the British Royal Family
| Business firm of Romanov Романовы | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Parent firm | Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp (since the mid-18th century)[a] |
| State | List
|
| Founded | February 21, 1613 |
| Founder | Michael I |
| Current head |
|
| Final ruler | Elizabeth I (agnatic line) Nicholas II (cognatic line) |
| Titles |
|
| Deposition | 1917 (February Revolution) |
| Cadet branches | Several minor branches |
The House of Romanov [b] (also transcribed Romanoff; Russian: Романовы , tr. Románovy , IPA: [rɐˈmanəvɨ]) was the reigning imperial business firm of Russia from 1613 to 1917. They accomplished prominence after the Tsarina, Anastasia Romanova, was married to the First Tsar of Russia, Ivan the Terrible.
The M Duke George Mikhailovich of Russian federation historic Russia's first purple wedding in over 104 years in 2021, following Russian federation'south Russian revolution that ended in 1923. [i]
The house became boyars (the highest rank in Russian nobility) of the Grand Duchy of Moscow and later on of the Tsardom of Russia nether the reigning Rurik dynasty, which became extinct upon the decease of Tsar Feodor I in 1598. The Time of Troubles, caused by the resulting succession crisis, saw several pretenders and imposters (False Dmitris) fight for the crown during the Smoothen–Muscovite War of 1605–1618. On 21 February 1613, a Zemsky Sobor elected Michael Romanov as Tsar of Russia, establishing the Romanovs as Russia'southward second reigning dynasty. Michael's grandson Peter I, who established the Russian Empire in 1721, transformed the country into a neat ability through a serial of wars and reforms. The direct male person line of the Romanovs ended when Empress Elizabeth of Russia died in 1762, thus the Firm of Holstein-Gottorp (a cadet branch of the German House of Oldenburg that reigned in Denmark) ascended to the throne in the person of Peter Three.[2] Officially known every bit members of the House of Romanov, descendants after Elizabeth are sometimes referred to as "Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov".[three] The abdication of Emperor Nicholas II on xv March [O.S. 2 March] 1917 every bit a effect of the February Revolution ended 304 years of Romanov rule and led to the establishing of the Russian Republic under the Russian Provisional Government in the pb-upwards to the Russian Civil War of 1917–1922. In 1918 Bolshevik officials executed the ex-Emperor and his family unit. Of the House of Romanov's 65 members, 47 survivors went into exile away.[4]
In 1924, Chiliad Duke Kirill Vladimirovich, the senior surviving male-line descendant of Alexander Ii of Russia by primogeniture, claimed the headship of the defunct Royal House of Russia. Since 1991 the succession to the one-time Russian throne has been in dispute (largely due to disagreements over the validity of dynasts' marriages), especially between the lines of Thou Duchess Maria Vladimirovna of Russian federation (built-in 1953), Prince Andrei Alexandrovich of Russia (1897–1981), and Prince Nicholas Romanovich Romanov (1922–2014). As Nicholas lacked male heirs, his claim afterwards inherited by his only brother Prince Dimitri Romanov (1926–2016) who died childless, so his cousin, Prince Andrew Romanov (1923–2021).
Surname usage [edit]
Legally, information technology remains unclear whether any ukase e'er abolished the surname of Michael Romanov (or of his subsequent male-line descendants) later his accretion to the Russian throne in 1613, although past tradition members of reigning dynasties seldom employ surnames, beingness known instead by dynastic titles ("Tsarevich Ivan Alexeevich", "1000 Knuckles Nikolai Nikolaevich", etc.). From Jan 1762 [O.S. Dec 1761], the monarchs of the Russian Empire claimed the throne every bit relatives of Thou Duchess Anna Petrovna of Russia (1708–1728), who had married Charles Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp. Thus they were no longer Romanovs by patrilineage, belonging instead to the Holstein-Gottorp cadet co-operative of the German Firm of Oldenburg that reigned in Denmark. The 1944 edition of the Almanach de Gotha records the name of Russia's ruling dynasty from the time of Peter Three (reigned 1761–1762) as "Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov".[5] Withal, the terms "Romanov" and "Business firm of Romanov" often occurred in official references to the Russian purple family. The glaze-of-arms of the Romanov boyars was included in legislation on the imperial dynasty,[half-dozen] and in a 1913 jubilee, Russia officially celebrated the "300th Ceremony of the Romanovs' rule".[7]
Subsequently the February Revolution of March 1917, a special prescript of the Provisional Government of Russia granted all members of the imperial family the surname "Romanov".[ citation needed ] The only exceptions, the morganatic descendants of the G Knuckles Dmitri Pavlovich (1891–1942), took (in exile) the surname Ilyinsky.[v] [viii]
House of Romanov [edit]
Silver money: 1 ruble Nikolai II_Romanov Dynasty – 1913 – On the obverse of the coin features two rulers: left Emperor Nikolas II in armed forces compatible of the life guards of the 4th infantry regiment of the Purple family, correct Michael I in Royal robes and Monomakh's Cap. Portraits made in a circular frame around of a Greek ornamentation.
The Romanovs share their origin with two dozen other Russian noble families. Their primeval mutual ancestor is 1 Andrei Kobyla, attested around 1347 as a boyar in the service of Semyon I of Moscow.[5] Afterwards generations assigned to Kobyla an illustrious pedigree. An 18th-century genealogy claimed that he was the son of the Old Prussian prince Glanda Kambila, who came to Russian federation in the second half of the 13th century, fleeing the invading Germans. Indeed, one of the leaders of the Sometime Prussian rebellion of 1260–1274 against the Teutonic guild was named Glande. This legendary version of the Romanov'southward origin is contested by some other version of their descent from a boyar family from Novgorod.[9]
His bodily origin may have been less spectacular. Not only is Kobyla Russian for "mare", some of his relatives likewise had equally nicknames the terms for horses and other domestic animals, thus suggesting descent from one of the majestic equerries.[ commendation needed ] One of Kobyla'south sons, Feodor, a member of the boyar Duma of Dmitri Donskoi, was nicknamed Koshka ("cat"). His descendants took the surname Koshkin, then changed information technology to Zakharin, which family after dissever into ii branches: Zakharin-Yakovlev and Zakharin-Yuriev.[v] During the reign of Ivan the Terrible, the former family became known equally Yakovlev (Alexander Herzen among them), whereas grandchildren of Roman Yurievich Zakharyin-Yuriev inverse their proper noun to "Romanov".[five]
Feodor Nikitich Romanov was descended from the Rurik dynasty through the female line. His female parent, Evdokiya Gorbataya-Shuyskaya, was a Rurikid princess from the Shuysky branch, daughter of Alexander Gorbatyi-Shuisky.
Rising to ability [edit]
The family fortunes soared when Roman's daughter, Anastasia Zakharyina, married Ivan Iv (the Terrible), the Rurikid Grand Prince of Moscow, on iii (thirteen) February 1547.[2] Since her hubby had assumed the title of tsar, which literally means "Caesar", on 16 January 1547, she was crowned the very first tsaritsa of Russia. Her mysterious death in 1560 changed Ivan's character for the worse. Suspecting the boyars of having poisoned his beloved, Tsar Ivan started a reign of terror confronting them. Amongst his children by Anastasia, the elder (Ivan) was murdered by the tsar in a quarrel; the younger Feodor, a pious but lethargic prince, inherited the throne upon his father'due south death in 1584.
A oversupply at the Ipatiev Monastery imploring Mikhail Romanov's mother to let him become to Moscow and become their tsar (Illumination from a book dated 1673).
Throughout Feodor'south reign (1584–1598), the Tsar's brother-in-police, Boris Godunov, and his Romanov cousins contested the de facto rule of Russia. Upon the expiry of childless Feodor, the 700-twelvemonth-old line of Rurikids came to an end. After a long struggle, the party of Boris Godunov prevailed over the Romanovs, and the Zemsky sobor elected Godunov equally tsar in 1598. Godunov'south revenge on the Romanovs was terrible: all the family and its relations were deported to remote corners of the Russian Northward and Urals, where nigh of them died of hunger or in bondage. The family's leader, Feodor Nikitich Romanov, was exiled to the Antoniev Siysky Monastery and forced to take monastic vows with the name Filaret.
The Romanovs' fortunes again changed dramatically with the fall of the Godunov dynasty in June 1605. As a former leader of the anti-Godunov party and cousin of the last legitimate tsar, Filaret Romanov'due south recognition was sought by several impostors who attempted to claim the Rurikid legacy and throne during the Time of Troubles. Fake Dmitriy I made him a metropolitan, and False Dmitriy II raised him to the dignity of patriarch. Upon the expulsion of the Smooth army from Moscow in 1612, the Zemsky Sobor offered the Russian crown to several Rurikid and Gediminian princes, but all declined the honour.[5]
On beingness offered the Russian crown, Filaret's sixteen-year-old son Mikhail Romanov, then living at the Ipatiev Monastery of Kostroma, burst into tears of fright and despair. He was finally persuaded to have the throne by his mother Kseniya Ivanovna Shestova, who blessed him with the holy paradigm of Our Lady of St. Theodore. Feeling how insecure his throne was, Mikhail attempted to emphasize his ties with the final Rurikid tsars[ten] and sought advice from the Zemsky Sobor on every of import issue. This strategy proved successful. The early Romanovs were generally accustomed by the population as in-laws of Ivan the Terrible and viewed as innocent martyrs of Godunov's wrath.[ commendation needed ]
Dynastic crisis [edit]
Mikhail was succeeded past his merely son Alexei, who steered the country quietly through numerous troubles. Upon Alexei's expiry, there was a period of dynastic struggle between his children by his first wife Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya (Feodor III, Sofia Alexeyevna, Ivan V) and his son by his second wife Nataliya Kyrillovna Naryshkina, the future Peter the Great. Peter ruled from 1682 until his death in 1725.[two] In numerous successful wars he expanded the tsardom into a huge empire that became a major European power. He led a cultural revolution that replaced some of the traditionalist and medieval social and political system with a modern, scientific, Europe-oriented, and rationalist system.[11]
New dynastic struggles followed the expiry of Peter. His merely son to survive into machismo, Tsarevich Alexei, did not support Peter's modernization of Russia. He had previously been arrested and died in prison house before long thereafter. Near the end of his life, Peter managed to change the succession tradition of male heirs, assuasive him to choose his heir. Power then passed into the easily of his second wife, Empress Catherine, who ruled until her expiry in 1727.[2] Peter Two, the son of Tsarevich Alexei, took the throne but died in 1730, ending the Romanov male line.[5] He was succeeded by Anna I, daughter of Peter the Swell's one-half-blood brother and co-ruler, Ivan Five. Before she died in 1740 the empress declared that her grandnephew, Ivan VI, should succeed her. This was an attempt to secure the line of her father, while excluding descendants of Peter the Peachy from inheriting the throne. Ivan 6 was merely a 1-year-old infant at the time of his succession to the throne, and his parents, Grand Duchess Anna Leopoldovna and Knuckles Anthony Ulrich of Brunswick, the ruling regent, were detested for their German counselors and relations. As a consequence, before long after Empress Anna'due south decease, Elizabeth Petrovna, a legitimized daughter of Peter I, managed to gain the favor of the populace and dethroned Ivan VI in a coup d'état, supported by the Preobrazhensky Regiment and the ambassadors of France and Sweden. Ivan Vi and his parents died in prison many years later on.
Firm of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov [edit]
Arms of the Business firm of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov
The Holstein-Gottorps of Russian federation retained the Romanov surname, emphasizing their matrilineal descent from Peter the Great, through Anna Petrovna (Peter I'southward elder daughter by his 2d wife).[5] In 1742, Empress Elizabeth of Russia brought Anna's son, her nephew Peter of Holstein-Gottorp, to Leningrad and proclaimed him her heir. In time, she married him off to a German princess, Sophia of Anhalt-Zerbst.[2] In 1762, soon after the decease of Empress Elizabeth, Sophia, who had taken the Russian name Catherine upon her marriage, overthrew her unpopular husband, with the aid of her lover, Grigory Orlov. She reigned as Catherine the Great. Catherine's son, Paul I, who succeeded his female parent in 1796,[ii] was particularly proud to be a bully-grandson of Peter the Not bad, although his mother's memoirs arguably insinuate that Paul'southward natural begetter was, in fact, her lover Serge Saltykov, rather than her husband, Peter. Painfully enlightened of the hazards resulting from battles of succession, Paul decreed business firm laws for the Romanovs – the so-called Pauline laws, among the strictest in Europe – which established semi-Salic primogeniture every bit the dominion of succession to the throne, requiring Orthodox faith for the monarch and dynasts, and for the consorts of the monarchs and their near heirs. Later, Alexander I, responding to the 1820 morganatic marriage of his brother and heir,[two] added the requirement that consorts of all Russian dynasts in the male line had to be of equal birth (i.e., built-in to a royal or sovereign dynasty).
Age of Autocracy [edit]
Paul I was murdered in his palace in St. petersburg in 1801. Alexander I succeeded him on the throne and afterward died without leaving a son. His brother, crowned Nicholas I, succeeded him on the throne.[5] The succession was far from smooth, nevertheless, as hundreds of troops took the oath of allegiance to Nicholas'south elder brother, Constantine Pavlovich who, unbeknownst to them, had renounced his claim to the throne in 1822, following his marriage. The confusion, combined with opposition to Nicholas' accession, led to the Decembrist revolt.[2] Nicholas I fathered four sons, educating them for the prospect of ruling Russian federation and for military careers, from whom the last branches of the dynasty descended.
Alexander II, son of Nicholas I, became the next Russian emperor in 1855, in the midst of the Crimean War. While Alexander considered it his accuse to maintain peace in Europe and Russian federation, he believed only a stiff Russian military machine could proceed the peace. By developing the regular army, giving some freedom to Finland, and freeing the serfs in 1861 he gained much popular support.
Despite his popularity, however, his family life began to unravel by the mid 1860s. In 1864, his eldest son, and heir, Tsarevich Nicholas, died all of a sudden. His wife, Empress Maria Alexandrovna, who suffered from tuberculosis, spent much of her time abroad. Alexander eventually turned to a mistress, Princess Catherine Dolgoruki. Immediately following the expiry of his wife in 1880 he contracted a morganatic wedlock with Dolgoruki.[5] His legitimization of their children, and rumors that he was contemplating crowning his new wife as empress, caused tension inside the dynasty. In detail, the chiliad duchesses were scandalized at the prospect of deferring to a woman who had borne Alexander several children during his wife'south lifetime. Before Princess Catherine could exist elevated in rank, however, on thirteen March 1881 Alexander was assassinated by a hand-made bomb hurled past Ignacy Hryniewiecki. Slavic patriotism, cultural revival, and Panslavist ideas grew in importance in the latter half of this century, evoking expectations of a more than Russian than cosmopolitan dynasty. Several marriages were contracted with members of other reigning Slavic or Orthodox dynasties (Greece, Montenegro, Serbia).[5] In the early 20th century two Romanov princesses were allowed to marry Russian high noblemen – whereas until the 1850s, practically all marriages had been with German princelings.[5]
A gathering of members of the Romanov family in 1892, at the summertime military manoeuvres in Krasnoye Selo.
Alexander II was succeeded by his son Alexander III. This tsar, the second-to-last Romanov emperor, was responsible for bourgeois reforms in Russian federation. Not expected to inherit the throne, he was educated in matters of state only afterward the expiry of his older brother, Nicholas. Lack of diplomatic training may have influenced his politics likewise as those of his son, Nicholas II. Alexander III was physically impressive, beingness not but tall (1.93 m or half dozen'4", according to some sources), just of large physique and considerable strength. His beard hearkened dorsum to the likeness of tsars of old, contributing to an aura of brusque say-so, awe-inspiring to some, alienating to others. Alexander, fearful of the fate which had befallen his father, strengthened autocratic rule in Russia. Some of the reforms the more than liberal Alexander 2 had pushed through were reversed.
Alexander had inherited not only his expressionless brother's position as Tsesarevich, but also his brother's Danish fiancée, Princess Dagmar. Taking the name Maria Fyodorovna upon her conversion to Orthodoxy, she was the daughter of King Christian Ix and the sis of the hereafter kings Frederik Eight of Kingdom of denmark and George I of Greece, every bit well every bit of U.k.'s Queen Alexandra, consort of Edward Seven.[two] Despite contrasting natures and backgrounds, the matrimony was considered harmonious, producing six children and acquiring for Alexander the reputation of existence the first tsar not known to accept mistresses.
His eldest son, Nicholas, became emperor upon Alexander 3'southward expiry due to kidney disease at age 49 in Nov 1894. Nicholas reputedly said, "I am not ready to be tsar...." Just a week subsequently the funeral, Nicholas married his fiancée, Alix of Hesse-Darmstadt, a favorite grandchild of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom. Though a kind-hearted man, he tended to leave intact his father's harsh policies. For her role the shy Alix, who took the proper noun Alexandra Fyodorovna, became a devout convert to Orthodoxy as well as a devoted wife to Nicholas and female parent to their five children, yet avoided many of the social duties traditional for Russian federation's tsarinas.[ii] Seen every bit distant and astringent, unfavorable comparisons were drawn between her and her pop female parent-in-police force, Maria Fyodorovna.[2] When, in September 1915, Nicholas took command of the army at the forepart lines during World War I, Alexandra sought to influence him toward an disciplinarian arroyo in government affairs even more than she had done during peacetime. His well-known devotion to her injured both his and the dynasty's reputation during World War I, due to both to her German origin and her unique human relationship with Rasputin, whose function in the life of her but son was not widely known. Alexandra was a carrier of the factor for haemophilia, inherited from her maternal grandmother, Queen Victoria.[2] Her son, Alexei, the long-awaited heir to the throne, inherited the disease and suffered agonizing bouts of protracted bleeding, the hurting of which was sometimes partially alleviated by Rasputin'southward ministrations. Nicholas and Alexandra also had 4 daughters: the Thousand Duchesses Olga, Tatiana, Maria and Anastasia.[2]
The half-dozen crowned representatives of the Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov line were: Paul (1796–1801), Alexander I (1801–1825), Nicholas I (1825–1855), Alexander Ii (1855–1881), Alexander III (1881–1894), and Nicholas Two (1894–1917).[5]
Constantine Pavlovich and Michael Alexandrovich, both morganatically married, are occasionally counted among Russia'south emperors by historians who observe that the Russian monarchy did not legally permit interregnums. But neither was crowned and both actively declined the throne.
Gallery [edit]
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-
Throne of the Tsar, the Empress and the Tsarevich in the G Kremlin Palace
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Downfall [edit]
The February Revolution of 1917 resulted in the abdication of Nicholas 2 in favor of his blood brother One thousand Duke Michael Alexandrovich.[two] The latter declined to accept royal say-so salvage to delegate it to the Provisional Government awaiting a futurity democratic referendum, finer terminating the Romanov dynasty's rule over Russia.
After the Feb Revolution, Nicholas II and his family unit were placed under firm arrest in the Alexander Palace. While several members of the royal family unit managed to stay on good terms with the Provisional Government, and were eventually able to leave Russia, Nicholas II and his family were sent into exile in the Siberian town of Tobolsk past Alexander Kerensky in Baronial 1917. In the October Revolution of 1917 the Bolsheviks ousted the Provisional authorities. In April 1918 the Romanovs were moved to the Russian town of Yekaterinburg, in the Urals, where they were placed in the Ipatiev Firm. Here on the night of 16–17 July 1918 the entire Russian Purple Romanov family along with several of their retainers were executed by Bolshevik revolutionaries, most likely on the orders of Vladimir Lenin.
Contemporary Romanovs [edit]
There have been numerous post-Revolution reports of Romanov survivors and unsubstantiated claims past individuals to exist members of the deposed Tsar Nicholas Ii's family, the all-time known of whom was Anna Anderson. Proven research has, notwithstanding, confirmed that all of the Romanovs held prisoners within the Ipatiev Business firm in Ekaterinburg were killed.[12] [thirteen]
Thou Duke Kirill Vladimirovich, a male-line grandson of Tsar Alexander II, claimed the headship of the deposed Majestic House of Russia, and causeless, every bit pretender, the title "Emperor and Despot of all the Russias" in 1924 when the evidence appeared conclusive that all Romanovs higher in the line of succession had been killed. Kirill was followed by his only son Vladimir Kirillovich.[two] Vladimir's only child, Maria Vladimirovna (built-in 1953), claims to have succeeded her father. The only son of her marriage with Prince Franz Wilhelm of Prussia, George Mikhailovich, is her heir apparent. The Romanov Family Association (RFA) formed in 1979, a private organization of nearly of the male-line descendants of Emperor Paul I of Russia (other than Vladimir Kirillovich, Maria Vladimirovna and her son) acknowledges the dynastic claims to the throne of no pretender, and is officially committed to support only that grade of government called by the Russian nation.[fourteen]
Execution of Tsar and family [edit]
Ipatiev Business firm, Yekaterinburg, (later Sverdlovsk) in 1928
Belatedly on the night of July sixteen, Nicholas, Alexandra, their five children and four servants were ordered to dress quickly and get down to the cellar of the house in which they were beingness held. There, the family and servants were arranged in two rows for a photograph they were told was being taken to quell rumors that they had escaped. Suddenly, a dozen armed men burst into the room and gunned down the imperial family in a hail of gunfire. Those who were however breathing when the smoke cleared were stabbed to death.
The remains of Nicholas, Alexandra and iii of their children were excavated in a forest near Yekaterinburg in 1991 and positively identified ii years later using Dna fingerprinting. The Crown Prince Alexei and ane Romanov girl were not accounted for, fueling the persistent legend that Anastasia, the youngest Romanov daughter, had survived the execution of her family unit. Of the several "Anastasias" that surfaced in Europe in the decade after the Russian Revolution, Anna Anderson, who died in the United States in 1984, was the almost disarming. In 1994, however, scientists used Deoxyribonucleic acid to bear witness that Anna Anderson was not the tsar's daughter only a Polish adult female named Franziska Schanzkowska.[15]
Initially the gunmen shot at Nicholas, who immediately fell expressionless from multiple bullet wounds. Then the nighttime room filled with smoke and dust from the spray of bullets, and the gunmen shot blindly, often hitting the ceiling and walls, creating even so more dust. Alexandra was soon shot in the head by military commissar Petar Ermakov, and killed, and some of the gunmen themselves became injured. It was not until after the room had been cleared of smoke that the shooters re-entered to find the remaining Regal family even so alive and uninjured. Maria tried to escape through the doors at the rear of the room, which led to a storage area, but the doors were nailed shut. The noise as she rattled the doors attracted the attention of Ermakov. Some of the family were shot in the caput, but several of the others, including the young and frail Tsarevich, would not die either from multiple close-range bullet wounds or bayonet stabs. Finally, each was shot in the head. Even so, two of the girls were still live x minutes subsequently, and had to be bludgeoned with the butt of a burglarize to finally be killed. Later on information technology was discovered that the bullets and bayonet stabs had been partially blocked by diamonds that had been sewn into the children'south wear.[ citation needed ] The bodies of the Romanovs were so hidden and moved several times before being interred in an unmarked pit where they remained until the summer of 1979 when amateur enthusiasts disinterred and re-buried some of them, and then decided to muffle the find until the fall of communism. In 1991 the grave site was excavated and the bodies were given a state funeral under the nascent democracy of post-Soviet Russian federation, and several years later DNA and other forensic evidence was used past Russian and international scientists to make genuine identifications.[ citation needed ]
The Ipatiev House has the same proper noun as the Ipatiev Monastery in Kostroma, where Mikhail Romanov had been offered the Russian Crown in 1613. The large memorial church building "on the blood" has been built on the spot where the Ipatiev House in one case stood.
Nicholas Ii and his family unit were proclaimed passion-bearers by the Russian Orthodox Church in 2000. In Orthodoxy, a passion-bearer is a saint who was non killed because of his faith, like a martyr; but who died in faith at the hand of murderers.
Remains of the Tsar [edit]
In July 1991, the crushed bodies of Nicholas Ii and his wife, along with three of their five children and four of their servants, were exhumed (although some[ who? ] questioned the actuality of these bones despite Dna testing). Considering two bodies were not present, many people[ who? ] believed that ii Romanov children escaped the killings. There was much debate equally to which two children'south bodies were missing. A Russian scientist fabricated photographic superimpositions and determined that Maria and Alexei were not accounted for. Later, an American scientist ended from dental, vertebral, and other remnants that it was Anastasia and Alexei who were missing. Much mystery has always surrounded Anastasia's fate. Several films have been produced suggesting that she lived on. This has since been disproved with the discovery of the final Romanov children'southward remains and extensive DNA testing, which connected those remains to the DNA of Nicholas 2, his wife, and the other three children.[ citation needed ]
After the bodies were exhumed in June 1991, they remained in laboratories until 1998, while there was a debate as to whether they should be reburied in Yekaterinburg or St. petersburg. A commission eventually chose St. Petersburg. The remains were transferred with full armed forces honor guard and accompanied by members of the Romanov family from Yekaterinburg to St. petersburg. In Leningrad the remains of the imperial family were moved by a formal military machine award guard cortege from the airport to the Sts. Peter and Paul Fortress where they (forth with several loyal servants who were killed with them) were interred in a special chapel in the Peter and Paul Cathedral nearly the tombs of their ancestors. President Boris Yeltsin attended the interment service on behalf of the Russian people.
In mid-2007, a Russian archaeologist announced a discovery by 1 of his workers. The excavation uncovered the following items in the two pits which formed a "T":
- remains of 46 human bone fragments;
- bullet jackets from short barrel guns/pistols;
- wooden boxes which had deteriorated into fragments;
- pieces of ceramic which appear to be amphoras which were used as containers for acid;
- atomic number 26 nails;
- iron angles;
- seven fragments of teeth;
- fragment of fabric of a garment.
The area where the remains were found was nigh the sometime Koptyaki Route, under what appeared to be double bonfire sites about seventy metres (230 ft) from the mass grave in Pigs Meadow near Yekaterinburg. The full general directions were described in Yurovsky'south memoirs, owned past his son, although no 1 is certain who wrote the notes on the page. The archaeologists said the basic are from a male child who was roughly betwixt the ages of x and 13 years at the time of his expiry and of a young woman who was roughly between the ages of 18 and 23 years quondam. Anastasia was 17 years, 1 month old at the time of the murder, while Maria was 19 years, one month old. Alexei would have been 14 in 2 weeks' time. Alexei's elder sisters Olga and Tatiana were 22 and 21 years onetime at the time of the murder respectively. The bones were found using metal detectors and metal rods as probes. Also, striped textile was found that appeared to have been from a blue-and-white striped fabric; Alexei usually wore a blue-and-white striped undershirt.
On 30 April 2008, Russian forensic scientists announced that Deoxyribonucleic acid testing proves that the remains belong to the Tsarevich Alexei and his sis Maria. DNA information, fabricated public in July 2008, that has been obtained from Ekaterinburg and repeatedly subject to independent testing by laboratories such as the University of Massachusetts Medical Schoolhouse, US, and reveals that the final ii missing Romanov remains are indeed authentic and that the entire Romanov family housed in the Ipatiev House, Yekaterinburg were executed in the early hours of 17 July 1918. In March 2009, results of the Dna testing were published, confirming that the two bodies discovered in 2007 were those of Tsarevich Alexei and Maria.
Research on mitochondrial Deoxyribonucleic acid (mtDNA) was conducted in the American AFDIL and in European GMI laboratories. In comparison with the previous analyses mtDNA in the surface area of Alexandra Fyodorovna, positions 16519C, 524.1A and 524.2C were added. The mtDNA of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, a smashing-nephew of the last Tsarina, was used by forensic scientists to identify her torso and those of her children.[16] [17]
Killing of other Romanovs [edit]
On xviii July 1918, the day after the killing at Yekaterinburg of the tsar and his family, members of the extended Russian imperial family met a vicious death by being killed near Alapayevsk by Bolsheviks. They included: Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich of Russia, Prince Ioann Konstantinovich of Russia, Prince Konstantin Konstantinovich of Russia, Prince Igor Konstantinovich of Russia and Prince Vladimir Pavlovich Paley, K Duke Sergei's secretarial assistant Varvara Yakovleva, and Thousand Duchess Elisabeth Fyodorovna, a granddaughter of Queen Victoria and elderberry sister of Tsarina Alexandra. Post-obit the 1905 assassination of her husband, Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich, Elisabeth Fyodorovna had ceased living as a member of the Imperial family and took up life as a serving nun, but was however arrested and slated for death with other Romanovs.[18] They were thrown downward a mine shaft into which explosives were then dropped, all being left to die at that place slowly.[xix]
Mine shaft in Alapaevsk where remains of the Romanovs killed there were found
The bodies were recovered from the mine by the White Army in 1918, who arrived too tardily to rescue them. Their remains were placed in coffins and moved around Russia during struggles between the White and the opposing Red Army. By 1920 the coffins were interred in a former Russian mission in Beijing, at present beneath a parking area. In 1981 One thousand Duchess Elisabeth was canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church building Outside of Russian federation, and in 1992 by the Moscow Patriarchate. In 2006 representatives of the Romanov family unit were making plans to re-inter the remains elsewhere.[20] The town became a identify of pilgrimage to the retention of Elisabeth Fyodorovna, whose remains were eventually re-interred in Jerusalem.
On 13 June 1918, Bolshevik revolutionary authorities killed Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia and Nicholas Johnson (Michael'south secretarial assistant) in Perm.
In January 1919 revolutionary authorities killed Grand Dukes Dmitry Konstantinovich, Nikolai Mikhailovich, Paul Alexandrovich and George Mikhailovich, who had been held in the prison of the Saint Peter and Paul Fortress in Saint petersburg.
Exiles [edit]
Dowager Empress Maria Fyodorovna [edit]
In 1919, Maria Fyodorovna, widow of Alexander Three, and mother of Nicholas II, managed to escape Russian federation aboard HMSMarlborough, which her nephew, King George V of the Great britain, had sent, at the urging of his own mother, Queen Alexandra, Maria'south elder sister, to rescue her. After a stay in England with Queen Alexandra, she returned to her native Kingdom of denmark, first living at Amalienborg Palace, with her nephew, Rex Christian Ten, and later, at Villa Hvidøre. Upon her expiry in 1928 her bury was placed in the crypt of Roskilde Cathedral, the burying site of members of the Danish Royal Family.
In 2006, the bury with her remains was moved to the Sts. Peter and Paul Fortress, to exist cached abreast that of her hubby. The transfer of her remains was accompanied by an elaborate ceremony at Saint Isaac's Cathedral officiated past the Patriarch Alexis II. Descendants and relatives of the Dowager Empress attended, including her great-grandson Prince Michael Andreevich, Princess Catherine Ioannovna of Russia, the last living fellow member of the Royal Family built-in before the fall of the dynasty,[21] and Prince Dmitri and Prince Nicholas Romanov.
Other exiles [edit]
Among the other exiles who managed to go out Russia, were Maria Fyodorovna's two daughters, the M Duchesses Xenia Alexandrovna and Olga Alexandrovna, with their husbands, Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich and Nikolai Kulikovsky, respectively, and their children, too as the spouses of Xenia'due south elderberry two children and her granddaughter. Xenia remained in England, following her female parent's return to Denmark, although afterward their mother's death Olga moved to Canada with her married man,[22] both sisters dying in 1960. Thou Duchess Maria Pavlovna, widow of Nicholas 2'southward uncle, Grand Duke Vladimir, and her children the Grand Dukes Kiril, Boris and Andrei, and their sis Elena, too managed to flee Russia. Grand Knuckles Dmitri Pavlovich, a cousin of Nicholas 2, had been exiled to the Caucasus in 1916 for his part in the murder of Grigori Rasputin, and managed to escape Russia. One thousand Duke Nicholas Nikolaievich, who had allowable Russian troops during World War I prior to Nicholas II taking command, along with his brother, Grand Duke Peter, and their wives, Grand Duchesses Anastasia and Militza, who were sisters, and Peter's children, son-in-police, and granddaughter also fled the country.
Elizaveta Mavrikievna, widow of Konstantin Konstantinovich, escaped with her daughter Vera Konstantinovna and her son Georgii Konstantinovich, also as her grandson Prince Vsevolod Ivanovich and her granddaughter Princess Catherine Ivanovna to Sweden. Her other girl, Tatiana Konstantinovna, besides escaped with her children Natasha and Teymuraz, also every bit her uncle's aide-de-camp Alexander Korochenzov. They fled to Romania and and so Switzerland. Gavriil Konstantinovich was imprisoned before fleeing to Paris.
Ioann Konstantinovich'due south married woman, Elena Petrovna, was imprisoned in Alapayevsk and Perm, before escaping to Sweden and Nice, France.
Pretenders [edit]
Since 1991, the succession to the former Russian throne has been in dispute, largely due to disagreements over the validity of dynasts' marriages.
One thousand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna of Russia claims to agree the title of empress in pretense with her merely child, George Mikhailovich, equally heir apparent.
Others take argued in support of the rights of the late Prince Nicholas Romanov, whose brother Prince Dimitri Romanov was the next male heir of his branch later whom it was passed to Prince Andrew Romanov and so to his son Prince Alexis Romanoff.
In 2014, a micronation calling itself the Imperial Throne, founded in 2011 by Monarchist Political party leader Anton Bakov, appear Prince Karl Emich of Leiningen, a Romanov descendant that withal originated from Maria's branch, every bit its sovereign. In 2017, it renamed itself as "Romanov Empire".
Romanov family jewelry [edit]
The drove of jewels and jewelry nerveless by the Romanov family during their reign are commonly referred to equally the "Russian Crown Jewels"[23] and they include official land regalia too equally personal pieces of jewelry worn past Romanov rulers and their family. After the Tsar was deposed and his family murdered, their jewels and jewelry became the property of the new Soviet government.[24] A select number of pieces from the collection were sold at sale past Christie's in London in March 1927.[25] The remaining collection is on view today in the Kremlin Armoury in Moscow.[26]
On 28 August 2009, a Swedish public news outlet reported that a collection of over lx jewel-covered cigarette cases and cufflinks owned past Grand Duchess Vladimir had been found in the archives of the Swedish Ministry for Foreign Diplomacy, and was returned to the descendants of 1000 Duchess Vladimir. The jewelry was allegedly turned over to the Swedish embassy in Petrograd in November 1918 by Duchess Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin to keep it safety. The value of the jewelry has been estimated at twenty meg Swedish krona (about 2.6 million The states dollars).[27]
Heraldry [edit]
Smaller glaze of arms (elements) [edit]
The centerpiece is the coat of artillery of Moscow that contains the iconic Saint George the Dragon-slayer with a blue greatcoat (cloak) attacking golden serpent on red field.
The wings of double-headed eagle contain coat of arms of following lands:
- Right wing
- Tsardom of Kazan, the glaze of artillery of Kazan that contains black crowned Zilant with ruby tongue, wings and tail on white field.
- Tsardom of Poland, the coat of arms of Poland that contains a crowned white eagle on a red field.
Tsardom of Tauric Chersoneses
- Tsardom of Tauric Chersoneses, the coat of arms of Byzantine Crimea that contains black crowned double-headed hawkeye on golden field, which has a smaller coat of arms with triple crossbeam cross on blue field.
Combined coat of arms for Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod
- Thou Duchies of Kiev, Vladimir, and Novgorod, the combined coat of artillery of three grand duchies:
- Grand Duchy of Kiev, the coat of arms of Kiev that contains armed archangel (archistrategos) Michael in white on blue field.
- Grand Duchy of Vladimir, the coat of arms of Vladimir that contains golden crowned leopard holding a cross on ruby-red field.
- Republic of Novgorod, the coat of arms of Novgorod that contains two black bears holding onto a throne on which crossed stand scepter and cross located under triple candlestick (trikirion) on argent field and two silver fishes on blue field.
- Left wing
- Tsardom of Astrakhan, the coat of artillery of Astrakhan that contains five arches golden crown over argent scimitar on blue field.
- Tsardom of Siberia, the coat of arms of Siberia that contains two black sables who concord a crown and a ruby bow with two crossed arrows pointed down on ermine field.
- Tsardom of Georgia, the Coat of arms of Georgia that likewise contains the Saint George the Dragon-slayer with a red cape (cloak) attacking greenish ophidian on golden field.
- Grand Duchy of Republic of finland, the glaze of arms of Finland that contains gilded crowned lion holding straight sword and curved sabre on ruby field with roses.
Family unit tree [edit]
Family tree of the Romanov dynasty
See besides [edit]
- Romanov impostors
- Ancestors of Nicholas 2 of Russia
- Listing of Grand Duchesses of Russia
- List of Grand Dukes of Russia
- List of films virtually the Romanovs
- The Romanovs Collect: European Art from the Hermitage (exhibition)
Notes [edit]
- ^ The Romanov descendants of Peter III descend in the male line from the House of Holstein-Gottorp, a cadet co-operative of the Business firm of Oldenburg.
- ^ Pronunciation: , , , Russian: [rɐˈmanəf].
References [edit]
- ^ "GD Romanov's Regal Wedding". punchng.com.
- ^ a b c d east f thousand h i j g 50 k n o Montgomery-Massingberd, Hugh. "Burke's Imperial Families of the World: Volume I Europe & Latin America, 1977, pp. 460–476. ISBN 0-85011-023-8
- ^ "Просмотр документа – dlib.rsl.ru". rsl.ru.
- ^ Isaeva, Ksenia (25 March 2015). "Dmitri Romanov: Clearing, friendship with Coco Chanel, the Olympics". Retrieved 30 November 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f chiliad h i j k l m Almanach de Gotha. Gotha, Germany: Justus Perthes. 1944. pp. 103–106.
- ^ Compare Romanov glaze-of-arms.
- ^ "Origins of Romanov surname. Russian royalists site". Archived from the original on 6 July 2013. Retrieved thirty November 2016.
- ^ "Romanovs lectures. The history of the Russian state and the Romanov dynasty: current issues in the study. Kostroma. 29–30 May 2008".
- ^ Веселовский С.Б. Исследования по истории класса служилых землевладельцев. pp. 140–141.
- ^ [An ancestor of Czar Mikhail I was Alexander Gorbatyi-Shuisky of a Rurikid princely house]
- ^ James Cracraft, The Revolution of Peter the Dandy (Harvard University Press, 2003) online edition
- ^ "DNA proves Bolsheviks killed all of Russian czar'south children". CNN. 11 March 2009.
- ^ "Mystery Solved: The Identification of the Two Missing Romanov Children Using Dna Analysis". eleven March 2009. doi:x.1371/periodical.pone.0004838.
- ^ The Romanoff Family Association. Prince Nicholas Romanovich Romanov. The Romanoff Family Clan
- ^ "Romanov family unit executed, ending a 300-year regal dynasty- HISTORY". Retrieved 20 April 2021.
- ^ Ivanov PL, Wadhams MJ, Roby RK, Kingdom of the netherlands MM, Weedn VW, Parsons TJ (1996). "Mitochondrial Deoxyribonucleic acid sequence heteroplasmy in the Grand Knuckles of Russia Georgij Romanov establishes the actuality of the remains of Tsar Nicholas Two". Nature Genetics. 12 (four): 417–420. doi:10.1038/ng0496-417. PMID 8630496. S2CID 287478.
- ^ [ane] Archived 12 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Books: Death at Ekaterinburg". Time mag. 22 April 1935. Archived from the original on iv June 2008. Retrieved 11 Apr 2012.
- ^ Nicholas and Alexandra, The Last Majestic Family of Tsarist Russia, 1998, Booth-Clibborn, London
- ^ "The Representative of Romanov family in the Russian federation does not exclude the possibility of transferring from Mainland china to Russia the remains of Alapayevsk martyrs". Orthodox News Mainland china. 23 June 2005. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
- ^ "La Embajada de la Federación de Rusia en la República Oriental del Uruguay". Retrieved 30 November 2016.
- ^ Harris, Carolyn. "From Petrograd to Toronto: The Life of Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna (1882–1960)". Carolyn Harris – Historian and Writer . Retrieved 25 November 2015.
- ^ "The Russian Crown Jewels". 27 June 2014. Archived from the original on 27 June 2014. Retrieved xix Jan 2018.
- ^ "Russian Crown Jewels shown Goodrich Party". The Washington Post. 3 July 1922. p. four.
- ^ "Russian Jewels: Sold for 80,561 Pounds". The Scotsman. 17 March 1927. p. ix.
- ^ Kvasha, Semyon (1 May 2013). "Treasures of Imperial Russia on display in Moscow and St. Petersburg". Retrieved 19 September 2014.
- ^ Sveriges Radio (28 August 2009). "Russian Jewels Found at Foreign Ministry building". sverigesradio.se.
External links [edit]
- Historical reconstruction series "Romanovs" – Get-go Channel, Star Media, Babich Design (2013).
- The Russian Imperial Collection at the Library of Congress has books from the Romanov family.
- Romanov Collection. Full general Collection. Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Romanov
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